The Founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Massachusetts Bay Colony was settled in 1630 by a group of Puritans from England under the leadership of Governor John Winthrop. The grant empowering the group to create a colony in Massachusetts was granted by King Charles I to the Massachusetts Bay Company. While the company was intended to transfer the wealth of the New World to stockholders in England, the settlers themselves transferred the charter to Massachusetts. By so doing, they turned a commercial venture into a political one. Fast Facts: Massachusetts Bay Colony Also Known As: Commonwealth of MassachusettsNamed After: Massachuset tribeFounding Year: 1630Founding Country: England,  NetherlandsFirst Known European Settlement: 1620Residential  Native Communities: Massachuset, Nipmuc, Pocumtuc, Pequot, Wampanoag (all Algonkin)Founders: John Winthrop, William BradfordImportant People:  Anne Hutchinson, John White, John Eliot, Roger Williams,First Continental Congressmen: John Adams, Samuel Adams, Thomas Cushing, Robert Treat PaineSigners of the Declaration: John Hancock, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry John Winthrop and the Winthrop Fleet The  Mayflower carried a mixture of English and Netherlands Separatists, the Pilgrims, to America in 1620. Forty-one  colonists on board the ship signed the  Mayflower Compact,  on November 11, 1620. This was the first written governmental framework in the New World. In 1629, a fleet of 12 ships known as the Winthrop Fleet left England and headed for Massachusetts. It reached Salem, Massachusetts on June 12th. Winthrop himself sailed aboard the Arbella. It was while he was still aboard the Arbella that Winthrop gave a famous speech in which he said: [F]or wee must Consider that wee shall be as a Citty upon a Hill, the eies of all people are uppon us; soe that if wee shall deale falsely with our god in this worke wee have undertaken and soe cause him to withdrawe his present help from us, wee shall be made a story and a byword through the world, wee shall open the mouthes of enemies to speake evill of the wayes of god and all professours for Gods sake.... These words embody the spirit of the Puritans who founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony. While they emigrated to the New World to be able to freely practice their religion, they did not espouse freedom of religion for other settlers. Settling Boston Though Winthrops Fleet landed at Salem, they did not stay: the tiny settlement simply couldnt support hundreds of additional settlers. Within a short time, Winthrop and his group had moved, at the invitation of Winthrops college friend William Blackstone, to a new location on a nearby peninsula. In 1630, they renamed their settlement Boston after the town they had left in England. In 1632, Boston was made the capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. By 1640, hundreds more English Puritans had joined Winthrop and Blackstone in their new colony. By 1750, more than 15,000 colonists lived in Massachusetts. Unrest and Exile: The Antinomian Crisis   During the first decade of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, several political crises occurred, unfolding simultaneously, concerning the way religion was practiced in the colony. One of those is known as the Antinomian Crisis which resulted in the departure of Anne Hutchinson (1591–1643) from Massachusetts Bay. She was preaching in a manner that proved unseemly to the colonys leaders and was tried in civil and ecclesiastical courts, which culminated in her excommunication on March 22, 1638. She went on to settle in Rhode Island and died a few years later near Westchester, New York.   Historian Jonathan Beecher Field has pointed out that what happened to Hutchinson is similar to other exiles and departures in the early days of the colony. For example, in 1636, because of religious differences, Puritan colonist Thomas Hooker (1586–1647) took his congregation to found Connecticut colony. That same year, Roger Williams (1603–1683) was exiled and ended up founding Rhode Island colony.   Christianizing the Indians   In the earliest days of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Puritans carried out a war of extermination against the Pequots in 1637, and a war of attrition against the Narragansetts. In 1643, the English turned the Narragansett sachem (leader)  Miantonomo  (1565–1643) over to his enemies the Mohegan, where he was summarily killed. But beginning with the efforts of John Eliot (1604–1690), missionaries in the colony worked to convert the local Native Americans into Puritan Christians. In March of 1644, the Massachuset tribe submitted themselves to the colony and agreed to take religious instruction. Eliot set up praying towns in the colony, isolated settlements such as Natick (established 1651), where newly converted people could live separated from English settlers and independent Indians both. The settlements were organized and laid out like an English village, and the residents were subject to a legal code that required that traditional practices be replaced by those proscribed in the Bible. The praying towns roused dissent in the European settlements, and in 1675, the settlers accused the missionaries and their converts of treason. All of the Native Americans professing loyalty to the English were rounded up and placed on Deer Island without adequate food and shelter. King Philips War broke out in 1675, an armed conflict between English colonists and the Native Americans led by Metacomet (1638–1676), the Wampanoag chief who had adopted the name Philip. Some of the Massachusetts Bay Indian converts  supported the colonial militia as scouts and were crucial to the eventual colonial victory in 1678. However, by 1677, the converts who had not been killed, sold into slavery or driven northward found themselves restricted to praying towns that were essentially reservations for people reduced to live as servants and tenant farmers.   The American Revolution Massachusetts played a key part in the American Revolution. In December 1773, Boston was the site of the famous Boston Tea Party in reaction to the Tea Act that had been passed by the British. Parliament reacted by passing acts to control the colony including a naval blockade of the harbor.  The first Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774, and five men from Massachusetts attended: John Adams, Samuel Adams, Thomas Cushing, and Robert Treat Paine. On April 19, 1775, Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts were the sites of the first shots fired in the Revolutionary War. After this, the colonists laid siege to Boston which the British troops held. The siege eventually ended when the British evacuated in March 1776.  Signers of the Declaration of Independence from Massachusetts on July 4, 1776, were John Hancock, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, and Elbridge Gerry. The war continued for seven more years with many Massachusetts volunteers fighting for the Continental Army. Sources and Further Reading Breen, Timothy H., and Stephen Foster. The Puritans Greatest Achievement: A Study of Social Cohesion in Seventeenth-Century Massachusetts. The Journal of American History 60.1 (1973): 5–22. Print.Brown, Richard D., and Jack Tager. Massachusetts: A Concise History. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2000.Field, Jonathan Beecher. The Antinomian Controversy Did Not Take Place. Early American Studies 6.2 (2008): 448–63. Print.Lucas, Paul R. Colony or Commonwealth: Massachusetts Bay, 1661–1666. The William and Mary Quarterly 24.1 (1967): 88–107. Print.Nelson, William E. The Utopian Legal Order of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1630–1686. The American Journal of Legal History 47.2 (2005): 183–230. Print.Salisbury, Neal. Red Puritans: The Praying Indians of Massachusetts Bay and John Eliot. The William and Mary Quarterly 31.1 (1974): 27–54. Print.

conflict resolution - 1801 Words

Conflict Resolution in a Virtual Environment Valery Taylor BUS610 Prof. Magdy Hussein October 27, 2014 Conflict Resolution in a Virtual Environment The human mind is a unique filter and for this reason, every one of us thinks and perceives situations in our own way. One crisis that might be diminutive in nature for one person can be colossal in nature to another person. This dichotomy gives rise to differences of opinions, and different opinions can lead to arguments. If arguments are weighed purposefully and fairly in conflict, then resolutions can lead to a meaningful outcome. However, if arguments are just for the sake of arguments, this might lead to an undesired situation leading to conflicts among people. Conflicts among†¦show more content†¦These emails turned into a workplace disagreement. The differences in opinion caused the meeting to be rescheduled. The affect hindered our organizational performance. In my conflict, we need to examine different reasons for conflicts. According to research, â€Å"latent conflict represents all of the potential sources of conflict at the individual or group level† (Ba ack, 2012, p.7.3). For example, the source of the conflict between the team member and me was a difference in opinion on how to organize the group assigned task. Again, not all conflicts are the same, and for this reason, management should have a heightened awareness of the different levels of conflicts in the workplace. According to research, â€Å"Resolving conflict cannot take place until the level has been properly identified† (Baack, 2012, p. 7.3). The four levels of conflict are intrapersonal or intra-psychic conflict, interpersonal conflict, intra-group conflict, intergroup conflict. In my situation, the level of conflict with the team member was an intra-group conflict. According to research, â€Å"Intra-group conflict refers to incidents between members of a group. Disagreements about goals, methods of operation, and leadership create intra-group conflicts. When conflicts are not properly managed and resolved, the end results can be poor decisions and ineffective group functioning† (Baack, 2012). The source of the intra-group conflict was task related. According to studies,† taskShow MoreRelated Conflict Resolution Essay1288 Words   |  6 Pages Major conflict that is not dealt with can devastate a team or organization (Make Conflict Work, 2008). In some situations, conflict can be more constructive than destructive. Recognizing the difference between conflict that is constructive to the team and conflict that is destructive to the team is important. Trying to prevent the conflict is not always the best way to manage conflict when working within a team setting. 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Popcorn Lab Report Free Essays

Biology 101 Popcorn experiment Lab partners Robert Barham Michelle hall Diva Mancada Kelley Pritt 1 Introduction Popcorn, or popping corn, is a type of corn which explodes from a kernel and puffs up when heated. It is a popular snack food, especially in movie theaters. Popcorn can be salted or sweetened. We will write a custom essay sample on Popcorn Lab Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now Air popped popcorn is naturally high in fiber, low in calories and fat, contains no sodium and is sugar free. This can make it an attractive snack for people with caloric or dietary restrictions. Large amounts of fat, sugar and sodium are often added to prepared popcorn tat can convert it into a high calorie snack. hypothesis Orvill Redenbacher has larger popped kernels and less un-popped kernels than Act II. 3 Material Method Two brand name popcorn packages are being tested. Act II and Orvill Redenbacher. Both are tested in the same microwave. The same time is being used (2. 5 Minutes). Both packages were weighed before and after the popping procedure, the results were recorded. Total cooking time was measured and recorded for both popcorn packages. 10 randomly selected popped kernels from each package were measured with a ruler and results were recorded. Average size for both were calculated and recorded. All un-popped kernels ere collected from each package and weighed in a dish. The weight of the dish was subtracted from the total weight to find the weight of un-popped kernels from each brand. The percentage was calculated and compared. 4 Results Weight before cooking Orvill Redenbacher – 104. 77g Act II – 97. 9g *Act II package is smaller tan Orvill Redenbacher by 6. 84g. Table 1 *Microwave timer was set for 2. 5 minutes ? *Table 1 shows that Orvill Redenbacher has a faster cooking time than Act II. Weight after cooking Act II 87. 6g O. R. 93. 85g *Act II package is smaller than Orvill Redenbacher by 6. 79g Table 2 ? (Calculations) 3. 14g/87. 06 x 100 = 3. 6% and 3. 42g/93. 85g x 100 = 3. 6% *The Results showed that the percentage of un-popped kernels in both packages was the same. Table 3 (Popped kernels in mm) ? Table 3 showed that the average size of popped kernels of Orvill Redenbacher was larger than Act II. 5 Discussion The results showed that Orvill Redenbacher brand had faster cooking time than Act II and weighed more overall. The ex periment also showed that both brands had the same percentage of un-popped kernels. Since Orville Redenbacher weighed more than Act II we were able to determine that Orville Redenbacher had more un-popped kernels by weight The experiment also showed that the size of the popped kernels was larger in the Orville Redenbacher brand. 6 Conclusion The hypothesis was partially supported by the data. Orville Redenbacer brand has larger popped kernels than Act II. The percentage of un-popped kernels in both brands was the same but, the weight of the un-popped kernels in the Orville Redenbacher brand was more due to the higher un-popped weight of the package. How to cite Popcorn Lab Report, Essay examples